Abstract: COVID-19 is a viral disease produced by SARS-CoV-2 that was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 2020. The pandemic has caused a great impact in several medical disciplines, including radiology. Radiologists have a fundamental role in identifying characteristic imaging findings of the COVID-19 disease. The studies regarding extra pulmonary findings of COVID-19 are relatively new. These findings include cardiac, thoracic and abdominal manifestations as a result of the pro-thrombotic state produced by the virus. Unexpected extrapulmonary imaging findings of COVID-19 patients from two different institutions are presented. In addition, we conducted a literature review of extra pulmonary manifestations and complications of this disease. The aim of this study is to provide information for an early recognition and optimal management of these complications.

Resumen: COVID-19 es una enfermedad viral que fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) durante el año 2020 que ha causado un gran impacto en el área médica, y específicamente en la radiología. El rol del radiólogo es fundamental para identificar de forma correcta las manifestaciones de esta enfermedad, principalmente los hallazgos pulmonares en imágenes. Sin embargo, durante el último tiempo se han descrito hallazgos extra-pulmonares en pacientes infectados, entre las que incluyen manifestaciones cardíacas, torácicas y derivadas del estado pro trombótico producido por el virus. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar de forma retrospectiva hallazgos imagenológicos extrapulmonares en pacientes con COVID-19 de nuestras dos instituciones. Además, se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre las manifestaciones extra-pulmonares y complicaciones reportadas de la enfermedad. Esperamos aportar información para un adecuado y óptimo manejo de estos pacientes.

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro physicochemical stability of oxaliplatin and doxorubicin when the in vivo hyperthermic intraperitoneal conditions are reproduced. Methods: Three solutions were prepared, A (oxaliplatin 200 mg/L), B (doxorubicin 15 mg/L) and C (oxaliplatin 200 mg/L with doxorubicin 15 mg/L) in glucose 5%. The three solutions were subjected to the maximum temperature reached in vivo (49º C) for two hours. Physical stability was focused on visual control of particles or precipitates in solutions, discharge of gases, odor and color. Samples were taken every 15 minutes and the chemical stability was evaluated by determining the concentration of oxaliplatin and doxorubicin remaining in the samples. Oxaliplatin concentrations were determined by atomic absorption graphite chamber while doxorubicin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The chemical stability criteria selected was the one described by the American Pharmacopoeia, which sets a permissible variation range between the 90-110% of the initial concentration. Results: During the assay there was no appearance of particles, precipitates in the samples, discharge of gases, nor colour changes in the solutions. The samples showed a remaining concentration of oxaliplatin and doxorubicin within the 90-110% limit. The stability of the samples that follow to two cycles of freeze-thaw after hyperthermia was also found within the specified limits. Conclusion: A, B and c solutions in 5% glucose, are physically and chemically stable at 49º C for two hours. Under these conditions, these solutions could be used with guarantees of stability in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis subsidiary of intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy based in these antineoplastic agents.

Objetivo: Determinar in vitro la estabilidad físico-química de oxaliplatino y doxorrubicina en las condiciones de hipertermia utilizadas in vivo durante el tratamiento de pacientes con carcinomatosis peritoneal, tras cirugía citorreductora. Métodos: Se prepararon tres disoluciones: A (oxaliplatino 200 mg/L), B (doxorrubicina 15 mg/L) y C (oxaliplatino 200 mg/L + doxorrubicina 15 mg/L) en glucosa al 5%. Las tres disoluciones se sometieron a la temperatura máxima alcanzada in vivo (49º C) durante dos horas. La estabilidad física se centró en el control visual de partículas y/o precipitados en las disoluciones, el desprendimiento de gases, olor y color. Para controlar la estabilidad química, se extrajeron muestras cada 15 minutos desde el inicio del estudio y se determinó la concentración remanente de oxaliplatino y doxorrubicina en las mismas. Las concentraciones de oxaliplatino se determinaron por absorción atómica con cámara de grafito mientras que doxorrubicina se determinó mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Como criterio de estabilidad química se seleccionó el establecido en la Farmacopea Americana que establece un margen de variación permitido entre el 90-110% de la concentración inicial. Resultados: Durante el tiempo de ensayo, no se observó la aparición de partículas o precipitados, ni el desprendimiento de gases o cambios de color en las disoluciones. Las muestras analizadas presentaron una concentración remanente de oxaliplatino y doxorrubicina dentro del límite de 90110%. La estabilidad de las muestras sometidas a dos ciclos de congelación-descongelación tras la hipertermia también se encontró dentro de los límites especificados. Conclusiones: Las disoluciones A, B y C en glucosa al 5%, son estables física y químicamente a 49º C, durante dos horas. En estas condiciones, podrían ser utilizadas con garantías de estabilidad en pacientes con carcinomatosis peritoneal subsidiarios de recibir quimioterapia intraperitoneal con hipertermia basada en estos agentes antineoplásicos.

In Latin America, the transition from a compact city to a dispersed one has not only involved territorial and functional changes in large cities, but it has also contributed to modify the scale of social segregation, a process where the changes of residence of the urban population has played a crucial role. In Chile, the national capital has not been an exception to this dynamic, to the extent that the ongoing residential changes have altered the residential segregation, both in their spatial scale and the forms it takes. The results of this study show a marked concentration of socio-economic groups of higher status in certain administrative entities of the city that until recently were not valued as places of permanent residence by these categories of the population. This has increased segregation at different scales, and has contributed to increase the complexity of the general model of residential segregation in the city.

En América Latina, el paso de una ciudad compacta a una ciudad dispersa no solo ha implicado transformaciones territoriales y funcionales de las grandes urbes; también ha contribuido a modificar la escala de la segregación social que en ellas existe, proceso en el que han desempeñado un papel central los cambios de residencia de la población urbana. En Chile, la capital nacional no ha sido una excepción a esta dinámica, en la medida en que los cambios residenciales en curso han alterado la segregación residencial, tanto en su escala espacial como en las formas que adopta. Los resultados alcanzados en este estudio muestran una marcada concentración de grupos socioeconómicos de mayor estatus en entidades administrativas de la ciudad que, hasta hace poco tiempo, no eran valoradas como lugares de residencia permanente por estas categorías de población. Esto ha incrementado a otras escalas la segregación, y ha contribuido a aumentar la complejidad del modelo general de segregación residencial de la ciudad.

Objective: To evaluate the Influence of genetic polymorphism in UGT1A1, UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 on the population pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and its metabolites, SN-38 and SN-38G. Methods: Plasma concentrations of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38G from 72 patients were pooled to develop a population pharmacokinetic model using NONMEM VII. M3 method was used to account for plasma concentrations below the limit quantification. The effect of age, sex, body surface area, total bilirubin, comedication, tumor type, and UGT1A1, UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 genotypes on the model parameters was evaluated. The model was internally validated using normalized visual predictive check (NVPC) and normalized predictive distribution errors (NPDE). Results: The typical values (between-subject variability; %) of the irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38G clearances were 42,9 L/h (56,4%), 1340 L/h (76,8%) and 188 L/h (70,1%), respectively. The presence of UGT1A1*28, UGT1A7*3, UGT1A9*22 genotypes decreases SN-38 clearance between 20 and 36%. Internal validation confirms the population pharmacokinetic model describe the time course of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38G plasma concentration and their associated variability in cancer patients. Conclusion: The inclusion of pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenomic information can add value to the individualized dose adjustment of irinotecan, because it will let quantitatively handle dose reductions in patients with iatrogenic toxicity due to UGTIAVs genetic polymorphisms.

Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de los polimorfismos genéticos en UGT1A1, UGT1A7 y UGT1A9 sobre la farmacocinética poblacional de irinotecán y sus metabolitos, SN-38 y SN-38G. Metodología: Las concentraciones plasmáticas de irinotecán, SN-38 y SN-38G determinadas en 72 pacientes se utilizaron para desarrollar un modelo farmacocinético poblacional en el programa NONMEM VII. Se empleó el método M3 para incluir en el análisis las concentraciones por debajo del límite de cuantificación de la técnica analítica. Se evaluó el efecto de la edad, sexo, superficie corporal, bilirrubina total, medicación concomitante, tipo de tumor y polimorfismos genéticos en UGT1A1, UGT1A7 y UGT1A9 sobre los parámetros farmacocineticos del modelo. La validación interna del modelo farmacocinético se realizó mediante normalized visual predictive check (NVPC) y normalized predictive distribution error (NPDE). Resultados: El valor medio (variabilidad interpaciente, %) del aclaramiento de irinotecán, SN-38 y SN-38G ha sido 42,9 (56,4%), 1340 (76,8%) y 188 L/h (70,1%), respectivamente. La presencia de alelos con baja actividad enzimática (UGT1A1*28, UGT1A7*3 y UGT1A9*22) redujo el aclaramiento de SN-38 entre un 20 y un 36%. La validación interna ha confirmado que el modelo farmacocinético poblacional resulta adecuado para describir la evolución temporal de las concentraciones plasmáticas de irinotecán, SN-38 y SN-38G y su variabilidad en pacientes oncológicos. Conclusión: La inclusión de información farmacocinética-farmacogenética puede añadir valor a la personalización de la dosificación de irinotecán por cuanto que permitirá manejar cuantitativamente las reducciones de dosis en pacientes con toxicidad iatrogénica debido a los polimorfismos genéticos en UGT1A1.

Objective: Analyze the social aspects of the maternal mortality occurred in the Hospital General de Occident, Jalisco, Mexico (2006-2010). Method: It is resorted the archive of the hospital to identify files of maternal mortality during the study period. The sources of information were death certificates, verbal autopsy, confidential questionnaire and opinion of the deaths. We used descriptive statistics and measures of central tendency for the analysis of the information. Results: We identified 22 maternal deaths, demonstrating an ascending trend of maternal mortality during the study period. The mean age was 28.27 years old, 68.27% was dedicated to the home, 45% lived in free union, 55% had no record of social security, 50% had a primary education or less, and only 77.2% had prenatal control. Conclusions: The presence of social factors, in addition to clinicians, and that influence maternal death should be known for the obstetrics service personnel, and should be considered for the design and implementation of actions to reduce maternal death at all levels of care.

Objetivo: Analizar los aspectos sociales de las muertes maternas ocurridas en el Hospital General de Occidente, Jalisco, México (2006-2010). Método: Se recurrió al archivo del hospital para identificar los expedientes de las muertes maternas ocurridas durante el periodo de estudio. Las fuentes de información fueron certificados de defunción, autopsia verbal, cuestionario confidencial y dictamen de las muertes. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y medidas de tendencia central para el análisis de la información. Resultados: Se identificaron 22 muertes maternas, evidenciando un aumento de las muertes maternas durante el periodo de estudio. La edad media fue de 28,27 años, el 68,27% se dedicaba actividades del hogar, 45% vivían en unión libre, 55% no tenían registro de tener seguridad social, el 50% poseían estudios de primaria o menos, y solo 77,2% presentaba control prenatal. Conclusiones: La presencia de factores sociales, que además de los clínicos, y que inciden en la muerte materna, deben ser conocidos por el personal del servicio de obstetricia, y deben ser considerados para el diseño e implementación de acciones para disminuir la muerte materna en todos los niveles de atención.

Thyroid involvement occurs in 50 to 80% of cases with systemic amyloidosis. Usually the infiltration is mild, not altering morphology or function. Amyloid goiter occurs when large amounts of amyloid are accumulated, enlarging the gland and compressing neighboring structures. We report three patients aged 42, 49 and 59 years (two women) with amyloid goiter. All had dysphagia and two had dysphonia. One was subjected to a hemithyroidectomy and two to a total thyroidectomy. Pathology reported the presence of amyloid deposits in the surgical pieces.

La amiloidosis es una patología de causa no precisada, la cual tiene distintas formas de presentación clínica según la proteína que se deposita. Este material amorfo puede depositarse en cualquier órgano, en forma aislada o como parte de una enfermedad generalizada. El compromiso del tiroides ocurre en el 50 a 80% de los casos de amiloidosis sistémica y corresponde, en general, a una infiltración difusa leve que no determina aumento de tamaño glandular ni alteraciones funcionales. El bocio amiloideo se define como el crecimiento del tiroides determinado por el depósito abundante de amiloide, el que puede dar síntomas compresivos de las estructuras del cuello. Se presentan tres casos de bocio amiloideo tratados en nuestro servicio, cuyo síntoma cardinal es la compresión tiroidea, uno de ellos con compromiso sistémico severo. Fueron tratados con hemitiroidectomía en un caso y tiroidectomía total en los otros dos, sin complicaciones. Se concluye que el bocio amiloideo es una patología poco frecuente, cuyo diagnóstico principalmente es un hallazgo durante el estudio anatomopatológico; sin embargo, se puede sospechar en un paciente con bocio que presenta enfermedades sistémicas.

OBJETIVO: O rastreamento com o PSA (antígeno prostático específico) para detecção precoce de câncer de próstata em uma comunidade nativa tem grande importância epidemiológica. Assim, realizou-se estudo com objetivo de verificar a ocorrência do câncer da próstata em uma tribo indígena da Amazônia e uma possível relação entre o aculturamento, a presença de sobrepeso (índice de massa corporal) e o aparecimento da doença. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um levantamento dos hábitos e medidas antropométricas em 22 homens com idade presumida maior de 50 anos, de uma tribo isolada de 363 índios, autodenominados Parkatejê e Kikatêjê, vivendo na região Amazônica (Pará). Além dos exames físico e hematológicos, foram realizadas dosagens de PSA total e PSA livre. RESULTADO: Os níveis séricos de PSA total variaram de 0,35 a 25,8 ng/ml. Três nativos apresentaram PSA maior que 4,0 ng/ml e outros dois evidenciaram PSA entre 2,5 e 4,0 ng/ml. Biopsia prostática em dois nativos revelou a presença de adenocarcinoma de próstata em um e neoplasia intraepitelial em outro. Sobrepeso com índice de massa corporal >25 Kg/m² e relação cintura-quadril >0,9 foram observados em 68,1% e 72,7% do grupo estudado. CONCLUSÕES: Mudanças nutricionais decorrentes do contato com a civilização, como substituição da caça e fibras vegetais por alimentos mais calóricos, estão aumentando a freqüência de sobrepeso na comunidade indígena. Devido à associação entre incidência de câncer de próstata, dieta gordurosa e menor atividade física, pode-se presumir que o futuro testemunhará mais casos da neoplasia prostática, visto que vários de seus membros já evidenciaram altos níveis séricos de PSA.

OBJECTIVE: PSA (prostate-specific antigen) screening for early detection of prostate cancer in a native community is of great epidemiological importance. The study was conducted with the objective of verifying the occurrence of prostate cancer among members of an Amazon community, as well as its possible relationship to acculturation and overweight (body mass index). METHODS: Lifestyle and anthropometric information was collected from a group of 22 men, presumedly over age 50, members of an isolated community of 363 Amazonian Indians - self-denominated Parkatejê and Kykatêjê - from Pará state, in Northern Brazil. In addition to physical and hematological exams, total and free PSA dosages were performed. RESULTS: Total PSA serum levels ranged from 0.35 to 25.8 ng/ml. Three subjects had PSA levels greater than 4.0 ng/ml, and another two had levels between 2.5 and 4.o ng/ml. Prostate biopsies performed on two subjects indicated the presence of prostate adenocarcinoma in one of them and of intraepithelial neoplasia on the other. Overweight (BMI >25 Kg/m²) and waist-to-hip ratio >0,9 were observed in 68.1% and 72% of subjects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in nutritional habits caused by contact with civilization, such as the substitution of more caloric foods for the traditional game and vegetable fiber are increasing the prevalence of overweight among the community. In view of the association between prostate cancer incidence, high-fat diet, and less physical activity, it can be assumed that further cases of prostate neoplasia will occur in the future, since several community members already have high PSA serum levels.

OBJETIVO: O rastreamento com o PSA (antígeno prostático específico) para detecção precoce de câncer de próstata em uma comunidade nativa tem grande importância epidemiológica. Assim, realizou-se estudo com objetivo de verificar a ocorrência do câncer da próstata em uma tribo indígena da Amazônia e uma possível relação entre o aculturamento, a presença de sobrepeso (índice de massa corporal) e o aparecimento da doença. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um levantamento dos hábitos e medidas antropométricas em 22 homens com idade presumida maior de 50 anos, de uma tribo isolada de 363 índios, autodenominados Parkatejê e Kikatêjê, vivendo na região Amazônica (Pará). Além dos exames físico e hematológicos, foram realizadas dosagens de PSA total e PSA livre. RESULTADO: Os níveis séricos de PSA total variaram de 0,35 a 25,8 ng/ml. Três nativos apresentaram PSA maior que 4,0 ng/ml e outros dois evidenciaram PSA entre 2,5 e 4,0 ng/ml. Biopsia prostática em dois nativos revelou a presença de adenocarcinoma de próstata em um e neoplasia intraepitelial em outro. Sobrepeso com índice de massa corporal >25 Kg/m² e relação cintura-quadril >0,9 foram observados em 68,1% e 72,7% do grupo estudado. CONCLUSÕES: Mudanças nutricionais decorrentes do contato com a civilização, como substituição da caça e fibras vegetais por alimentos mais calóricos, estão aumentando a freqüência de sobrepeso na comunidade indígena. Devido à associação entre incidência de câncer de próstata, dieta gordurosa e menor atividade física, pode-se presumir que o futuro testemunhará mais casos da neoplasia prostática, visto que vários de seus membros já evidenciaram altos níveis séricos de PSA.

OBJECTIVE: PSA (prostate-specific antigen) screening for early detection of prostate cancer in a native community is of great epidemiological importance. The study was conducted with the objective of verifying the occurrence of prostate cancer among members of an Amazon community, as well as its possible relationship to acculturation and overweight (body mass index). METHODS: Lifestyle and anthropometric information was collected from a group of 22 men, presumedly over age 50, members of an isolated community of 363 Amazonian Indians - self-denominated Parkatejê and Kykatêjê - from Pará state, in Northern Brazil. In addition to physical and hematological exams, total and free PSA dosages were performed. RESULTS: Total PSA serum levels ranged from 0.35 to 25.8 ng/ml. Three subjects had PSA levels greater than 4.0 ng/ml, and another two had levels between 2.5 and 4.o ng/ml. Prostate biopsies performed on two subjects indicated the presence of prostate adenocarcinoma in one of them and of intraepithelial neoplasia on the other. Overweight (BMI >25 Kg/m²) and waist-to-hip ratio >0,9 were observed in 68.1% and 72% of subjects, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in nutritional habits caused by contact with civilization, such as the substitution of more caloric foods for the traditional game and vegetable fiber are increasing the prevalence of overweight among the community. In view of the association between prostate cancer incidence, high-fat diet, and less physical activity, it can be assumed that further cases of prostate neoplasia will occur in the future, since several community members already have high PSA serum levels.

Forty-seven patients with unilateral obstructive calculi (12 males and 35 females) were submitted to 99mTc-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scans for assessment of renal function. The scans revealed unilateral functional deficit in 68 and 66% of the patients, respectively. A calculus size of 1.1 to 2.0 cm was significantly associated with deficit detected by DTPA, but duration of obstruction and calculus localization were not. After relief of the obstruction, the mean percent renal function of the affected kidney was found to be significantly increased from 25 ± 12% to 29 ± 12% in DTPA and from 21 ± 15% to 24 ± 12% in DMSA. Initial Doppler ultrasonography performed in 35 patients detected an increased resistive index in 10 (29%). In the remaining patients with a normal resistive index, ureteral urinary jet was observed, indicating partial obstruction. The high frequency of renal function impairment detected by DTPA and of tubulointerstitial damage detected by DMSA as well as the slight amelioration of unilateral renal function after relief of obstruction suggest that scintigraphy assessment may help evaluate the unilateral percentage of renal function and monitor renal function recovery when it occurs. The presence of a urinary jet detected by Doppler ultrasonography further indicates the severity of obstruction and the recovery prognosis.